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- LS(1L) LS(1L)
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-
-
- NAME
- ls, dir, vdir - list contents of directories
-
- SYNOPSIS
- ls [-abcdgiklmnpqrstuxABCFLNQRSUX1] [-w cols] [-T cols] [-I
- pattern] [+all] [+escape] [+directory] [+inode] [+kilobytes]
- [+numeric-uid-gid] [+hide-control-chars] [+reverse] [+size]
- [+width=cols] [+tabsize=cols] [+almost-all] [+ignore-
- backups] [+classify] [+file-type] [+ignore=pattern]
- [+dereference] [+literal] [+quote-name] [+recursive]
- [+sort={none,time,size,extension}]
- [+format={long,verbose,commas,across,vertical,single-
- column}] [+time={atime,access,use,ctime,status}] [path...]
-
- DESCRIPTION
- This manual page documents the GNU version of ls. dir and
- vdir are versions of ls with different default output for-
- mats. These programs list each given file or directory
- path. Directory contents are sorted alphabetically. For
- ls, files are by default listed in columns, sorted verti-
- cally, if the standard output is a terminal; otherwise they
- are listed one per line. For dir, files are by default
- listed in columns, sorted vertically. For vdir, files are
- by default listed in long format.
-
- OPTIONS
-
- -_✓a, +_✓a_✓l_✓l
- List all files in directories, including all files that
- start with `.'.
-
- -_✓b, +_✓e_✓s_✓c_✓a_✓p_✓e
- Quote nongraphic characters in file names using alpha-
- betic and octal backslash sequences like those used in
- C.
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- -_✓c, +_✓t_✓i_✓m_✓e=_✓c_✓t_✓i_✓m_✓e, +_✓t_✓i_✓m_✓e=_✓s_✓t_✓a_✓t_✓u_✓s
- Sort directory contents according to the files' status
- change time instead of the modification time. If the
- long listing format is being used, print the status
- change time instead of the modification time.
-
- -_✓d, +_✓d_✓i_✓r_✓e_✓c_✓t_✓o_✓r_✓y
- List directories like other files, rather than listing
- their contents.
-
- -_✓g Ignored; for Unix compatibility.
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- -_✓i, +_✓i_✓n_✓o_✓d_✓e
- Print the index number of each file to the left of the
- file name.
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- Page 1
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- LS(1L) LS(1L)
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- -_✓k, +_✓k_✓i_✓l_✓o_✓b_✓y_✓t_✓e_✓s
- If file sizes are being listed, print them in kilo-
- bytes. This overrides the environment variable
- POSIX_ME_HARDER.
-
- -_✓l, +_✓f_✓o_✓r_✓m_✓a_✓t=_✓l_✓o_✓n_✓g, +_✓f_✓o_✓r_✓m_✓a_✓t=_✓v_✓e_✓r_✓b_✓o_✓s_✓e
- In addition to the name of each file, print the file
- type, permissions, number of hard links, owner name,
- group name, size in bytes, and timestamp (the modifica-
- tion time unless other times are selected).
-
- -_✓m, +_✓f_✓o_✓r_✓m_✓a_✓t=_✓c_✓o_✓m_✓m_✓a_✓s
- List files horizontally, with as many as will fit on
- each line, separated by commas.
-
- -_✓n, +_✓n_✓u_✓m_✓e_✓r_✓i_✓c-_✓u_✓i_✓d-_✓g_✓i_✓d
- List the numeric UID and GID instead of the names.
-
- -_✓p Append a character to each file name indicating the
- file type.
-
- -_✓q, +_✓h_✓i_✓d_✓e-_✓c_✓o_✓n_✓t_✓r_✓o_✓l-_✓c_✓h_✓a_✓r_✓s
- Print question marks instead of nongraphic characters
- in file names.
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- -_✓r, +_✓r_✓e_✓v_✓e_✓r_✓s_✓e
- Sort directory contents in reverse order.
-
- -_✓s, +_✓s_✓i_✓z_✓e
- Print the size of each file in 1K blocks to the left of
- the file name. If the environment variable
- POSIX_ME_HARDER is set, 512-byte blocks are used
- instead.
-
- -_✓t, +_✓s_✓o_✓r_✓t=_✓t_✓i_✓m_✓e
- Sort directory contents by timestamp instead of alpha-
- betically, with the newest files listed first.
-
- -_✓u, +_✓t_✓i_✓m_✓e=_✓a_✓t_✓i_✓m_✓e, +_✓t_✓i_✓m_✓e=_✓a_✓c_✓c_✓e_✓s_✓s, +_✓t_✓i_✓m_✓e=_✓u_✓s_✓e
- Sort directory contents according to the files' last
- access time instead of the modification time. If the
- long listing format is being used, print the last
- access time instead of the modification time.
-
- -_✓x, +_✓f_✓o_✓r_✓m_✓a_✓t=_✓a_✓c_✓r_✓o_✓s_✓s, +_✓f_✓o_✓r_✓m_✓a_✓t=_✓h_✓o_✓r_✓i_✓z_✓o_✓n_✓t_✓a_✓l
- List the files in columns, sorted horizontally.
-
- -_✓A, +_✓a_✓l_✓m_✓o_✓s_✓t-_✓a_✓l_✓l
- List all files in directories except for `.' and `..'.
-
- -_✓B, +_✓i_✓g_✓n_✓o_✓r_✓e-_✓b_✓a_✓c_✓k_✓u_✓p_✓s
- Do not list files that end with `~', unless they are
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- Page 2
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- given on the command line.
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- -_✓C, +_✓f_✓o_✓r_✓m_✓a_✓t=_✓v_✓e_✓r_✓t_✓i_✓c_✓a_✓l
- List files in columns, sorted vertically.
-
- -_✓F, +_✓c_✓l_✓a_✓s_✓s_✓i_✓f_✓y
- Append a character to each file name indicating the
- file type. For regular files that are executable,
- append a `*'. The file type indicators are `/' for
- directories, `@' for symbolic links, `|' for FIFOs, `='
- for sockets, and nothing for regular files.
-
- -_✓L, +_✓d_✓e_✓r_✓e_✓f_✓e_✓r_✓e_✓n_✓c_✓e
- List the files linked to by symbolic links instead of
- listing the contents of the links.
-
- -_✓N, +_✓l_✓i_✓t_✓e_✓r_✓a_✓l
- Do not quote file names.
-
- -_✓Q, +_✓q_✓u_✓o_✓t_✓e-_✓n_✓a_✓m_✓e
- Enclose file names in double quotes and quote non-
- graphic characters as in C.
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- -_✓R, +_✓r_✓e_✓c_✓u_✓r_✓s_✓i_✓v_✓e
- List the contents of all directories recursively.
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- -_✓S, +_✓s_✓o_✓r_✓t=_✓s_✓i_✓z_✓e
- Sort directory contents by file size instead of alapha-
- betically, with the largest files listed first.
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- -_✓U, +_✓s_✓o_✓r_✓t=_✓n_✓o_✓n_✓e
- Do not sort directory contennts.
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- -_✓X, +_✓s_✓o_✓r_✓t=_✓e_✓x_✓t_✓e_✓n_✓s_✓i_✓o_✓n
- Sort directory contents alphabetically by file exten-
- sion (characters after the last `.'); files with no
- extension are sorted first.
-
- -_✓1, +_✓f_✓o_✓r_✓m_✓a_✓t=_✓s_✓i_✓n_✓g_✓l_✓e-_✓c_✓o_✓l_✓u_✓m_✓n
- List one file per line.
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- -_✓w, +_✓w_✓i_✓d_✓t_✓h _✓c_✓o_✓l_✓s
- Assume the screen is _✓c_✓o_✓l_✓s columns wide. The default is
- taken from the terminal driver if possible; otherwise
- the environment variable COLUMNS is used if it is set;
- otherwise the default is 80.
-
- -_✓T, +_✓t_✓a_✓b_✓s_✓i_✓z_✓e _✓c_✓o_✓l_✓s
- Assume that each tabstop is _✓c_✓o_✓l_✓s columns wide. The
- default is 8.
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- -_✓I, +_✓i_✓g_✓n_✓o_✓r_✓e _✓p_✓a_✓t_✓t_✓e_✓r_✓n
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- Page 3
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- LS(1L) LS(1L)
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- Do not list files whose names match the shell pattern
- _✓p_✓a_✓t_✓t_✓e_✓r_✓n unless they are given on the command line. As
- in the shell, an initial `.' in a filename does not
- match a wildcard at the start of _✓p_✓a_✓t_✓t_✓e_✓r_✓n.
-
- BUGS
- On BSD systems, the -_✓s option reports sizes that are half
- the correct values for files that are NFS-mounted from HP-UX
- systems. On HP-UX systems, it reports sizes that are twice
- the correct values for files that are NFS-mounted from BSD
- systems. This is due to a flaw in HP-UX; it also affects
- the HP-UX ls program.
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- Page 4
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